Author: Vernor Vinge
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ISBN: 0765399571
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This discounted ebundle includes: A Fire Upon the Deep, The Children of the Sky, A Deepness in the Sky “Vinge is one of the best visionary writers of SF today.” —David Brin Thousands of years in the future, humanity is no longer alone in a universe where a mind's potential is determined by its location in space, from superintelligent entities in the Transcend, to the limited minds of the Unthinking Depths, where only simple creatures, and technology, can function. Nobody knows what strange force partitioned space into these 'regions of thought,' but when the warring Straumli realm use an ancient Transcendent artifact as a weapon, they unwittingly unleash an awesome power that destroys thousands of worlds and enslaves all natural and artificial intelligence. A Fire Upon The Deep — Fleeing a galactic threat, Ravna crash lands on a strange world with a ship hold full of cryogenically frozen children, the only survivors. They are taken captive by the Tines, an alien race with a harsh medieval culture, and used as pawns in a ruthless power struggle. The Children of the Sky — Ten years have passed on Tines World, and Ravna and the children have survived a war. While there is peace among the Tines, there are those among them—and among the humans—who seek power..and no matter the cost, these malcontents are determined to overturn the fledgling civilization that has taken root since the humans landed. A Deepness in the Sky — Thirty-thousand years before A Fire Upon the Deep, two human groups, the Qeng Ho, a culture of free traders, and the Emergents, a ruthless society based on the technological enslavement of minds, stand on the verge of first contact with an alien race. Other Books by Vernor Vinge Realtime/Bobble Series The Peace War Marooned in Realtime Other Novels The Witling Tatja Grimm's World Rainbows End Collections Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge True Names At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
A Fire Upon The Deep
Author: Vernor Vinge
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ISBN: 057512881X
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Thousands of years hence, many races inhabit a universe where a mind's potential is determined by its location in space - from superintelligent entities in the Transcend, to the limited minds of the Unthinking Depths, where only simple creatures and technology can function. Nobody knows what strange force partitioned space into these 'zones of thought', but when the warring Straumli realm use an ancient Transcendent artefact as a weapon, they unwittingly unleash an awesome power that destroys thousands of worlds and enslaves all natural and artificial intelligence. Fleeing the threat, a family of scientists, including two children, are taken captive by the Tines - an alien race with a harsh medieval culture - and used as pawns in a ruthless power struggle. A rescue party, not entirely composed of humans, must free the children - and retrieve a secret that may save the rest of interstellar civilization.
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Hachette UK
ISBN: 0575093706
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Richard Stallman Fiction Ebook Drm Free
Vinge's masterpieces together at last, in one epic volume The Hugo Award winning A FIRE UPON THE DEEP and its epic companion novel A DEEPNESS IN THE SKY, set in the same universe but 20,000 years earlier, were benchmarks for SF in the last decade of the 20th century. In FIRE 'Vinge presents a galaxy divided into Zones - regions where different physical constraints allow very different technological and mental possibilities. Earth remains in the 'Slowness' zone, where nothing can travel faster than light and minds are fairly limited. The action of the book is in the 'Beyond', where translight travel and other marvels exist, and humans are one of many intelligent species. One human colony has been experimenting to find a path to the 'Transcend', where intelligence and power are so great as to seem godlike. Instead they release the Blight, an evil power, from a billion-year captivity.' Publisher's Weekly In DEEPNESS, 'the story has the same sense of epic vastness despite happening mostly in one isolated solar system. Here there's a world of intelligent spider creatures who traditionally hibernate through the 'Deepest Darkness' of their strange variable sun's long 'off' periods, when even the atmosphere freezes. Now, science offers them an alternative. Meanwhile, attracted by spider radio transmissions, two human starfleets come exploring - merchants hoping for customers and tyrants who want slaves. Their inevitable clash leaves both fleets crippled, with the power in the wrong hands, which leads to a long wait in space until the spiders develop exploitable technology. Over the years Vinge builds palpable tension through multiple storylines and characters.' Dave LangfordThe Collected Stories Of Vernor Vinge
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Tor Books
ISBN: 1429915102
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Since his first published story, 'Apartness,' appeared in 1965, Vernor Vinge has forged a unique and awe-inspiring career in science fiction as his work has grown and matured. He is now one of the most celebrated science fiction writers in the field , having won the field's top award, the Hugo, for each of his last two novels. Now, for the first time, this illustrious author gathers all his short fiction into a single volume. This collection is truly the definitive Vinge, capturing his visionary ideas at their very best. It also contains a never-before-published novella, one that represents precisely what this collection encapsulates--bold, unique, challenging science fictional ideas brought to vivid life with compelling storytelling. Including such major pieces as 'The Ungoverned' and 'The Blabber,' this sumptuous volume will satisfy any reader who loves the sense of wonder, and the excitement of great SF. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Macmillan
ISBN: 9781429915090
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A Hugo award-winning Novel! “Vinge is one of the best visionary writers of SF today.” —David Brin Thirty-Thousand years before A Fire Upon the Deep, humans stand on the verge of first contact with an alien race. Two human groups: the Qeng Ho, a culture of free traders, and the Emergents, a ruthless society based on the technological enslavement of minds. The group that opens trade with the aliens will reap unimaginable riches. But first, both groups must wait at the aliens' very doorstep for their strange star to relight and for their planet to reawaken, as it does every two hundred and fifty years. More than just a great science fiction adventure, A Deepness in the Sky is a universal drama of courage, self-discovery, and the redemptive power of love. Tor books by Vernor Vinge Realtime/Bobble Series The Peace War Marooned in Realtime Other Novels The Witling Tatja Grimm's World Rainbows End Collections Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge True Names At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Marooned In Realtime
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Macmillan
ISBN: 9781429915120
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Multiple Hugo Award winner Vernor Vinge takes readers on a fifty-million-year trip to a future where humanity's fate will be decided in a dangerous game of high-tech survival. In this taut thriller, a Hugo finalist for Best Novel, nobody knows why there are only three hundred humans left alive on the Earth fifty million years from now. Opinion is fiercely divided on whether to settle in and plant the seed of mankind anew, or to continue using high-energy stasis fields, or 'bobbles,' in venturing into the future. When somebody is murdered, it's obvious someone has a secret he or she is willing to kill to preserve.The murder intensifies the rift between the two factions, threatening the survival of the human race. It's up to 21st century detective Wil Brierson, the only cop left in the world, to find the culprit, a diabolical fiend whose lust for power could cause the utter extinction of man. Filled with excitement and adventure, Vinge's tense SF puzzler will satisfy readers with its sense of wonder and engaging characters, one of whom is a murderer with a unique modus operandi. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Tor Books
ISBN: 1429993367
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The Children of the Sky continues the epic scifi adventure of Hugo award-winning A Fire Upon the Deep! “Vinge is one of the best visionary writers of SF today.” —David Brin Thousands of years in the future, humanity is no longer alone in a universe where a mind's potential is determined by its location in space, from superintelligent entities in the Transcend, to the limited minds of the Unthinking Depths, where only simple creatures, and technology, can function. Nobody knows what strange force partitioned space into these 'regions of thought,' but when the warring Straumli realm use an ancient Transcendent artifact as a weapon, they unwittingly unleash an awesome power that destroys thousands of worlds and enslaves all natural and artificial intelligence. Ten years have passed on Tines World, and Ravna and the children have survived a war. While there is peace among the Tines, there are those among them—and among the humans—who seek power..and no matter the cost, these malcontents are determined to overturn the fledgling civilization that has taken root since the humans landed. Tor books by Vernor Vinge Realtime/Bobble Series The Peace War Marooned in Realtime Other Novels The Witling Tatja Grimm's World Rainbows End Collections Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge True Names At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
The Tatja Grimm S World
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Tor Books
ISBN: 1429915137
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Multiple Hugo Award winner Vernor Vinge's first full-length novel As a mud-spattered youngster, Tatja quickly realized she was different from the stone-age primitives with whom she grew up. Her insatiable curiosity and thirst for knowledge could not be quenched among them; she had to explore and learn more about the strange world she lived on. She finds the bastion of all culture, arts, entertainment and history for the entire planet, the seven-hundred-year-old science fiction magazine Fantasie, which is produced entirely aboard a gargantuan floating vessel the size of a small city. But despite the printing presses, sail-powered vessels, and mind-expanding technology, Tatja is still dissatisfied. Rising through the ranks, she finds that the people on the enormous barge are just as unintelligent as the primitives she grew up with. But others have come to the planet who not only challenge her intelligence, but offer her a tantalizing opportunity to uncover answers to mysteries that have long plagued her. But with opportunity comes risk. And if she acts unwisely, she could bring doom to the only world she knows. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Tor Books
ISBN: 1466893192
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Since its first publication in 1981, the short novel True Names by Vernor Vinge has been considered one of the most seminal science fiction works to present a fully fleshed-out concept of cyberspace. A finalist for the Hugo and Nebula Awards for best novella and winner of the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award, True Names was an inspiration to many innovators who have helped shape the world wide web as we know it today. The paperback edition of True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier, published in 2001, also contained a feast of articles by computer scientists on the cutting edge of digital science, including Danny Hillis, the founder of Thinking Machines and the first Disney Fellow; Timothy C. May, former chief scientist at Intel; Marvin Minsky, co-founder of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, considered by many to be the 'father' of AI; Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer, co-developers of habitat, the first real computer interactive environment; Mark Pesce, co-creator of VRML and the author of the Playful World: How Technology Transforms Our Imagination; and others. This first e-book edition includes all this, plus: a preface written especially for this edition by editor James Frenkel. an article on the difficulty of keeping information secure by Internet security expert Bruce Schneier. a passionate plea regarding the right to privacy by Richard Stallman, founder of the project to develop the free/libre GNU operating system and one of the most important advocates of free/libre software. True Names itself is the heart of this important book: an exciting, suspenseful science fiction tale still as fresh and intriguing as when it was first published nearly thirty-five years ago. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
After The Battle On Starship Hill
Author: Vernor Vinge
Editor: Macmillan
ISBN: 1466800062
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'After the Battle on Starship Hill' is more than 12000 words of prologue from Vernor Vinge's forthcoming novel, The Children of the Sky. Taking place on Tines World, this mini e-book describes events of the years immediately following the conclusion of the predecessor novel, A Fire Upon the Deep. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
(Redirected from Ebook downloading)
Digital rights management (DRM) tools or technological protection measures (TPM)[1] are a set of access control technologies for restricting the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works.[2] DRM technologies try to control the use, modification, and distribution of copyrighted works (such as software and multimedia content), as well as systems within devices that enforce these policies.[3]
The use of digital rights management is not universally accepted. Proponents of DRM argue that it is necessary to prevent intellectual property from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen,[1] that it can help the copyright holder maintain artistic control,[4] and that it can ensure continued revenue streams.[5] Those opposed to DRM contend there is no evidence that DRM helps prevent copyright infringement, arguing instead that it serves only to inconvenience legitimate customers, and that DRM helps big business stifle innovation and competition.[6] Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued.[7] DRM can also restrict users from exercising their legal rights under the copyright law, such as backing up copies of CDs or DVDs (instead having to buy another copy, if it can still be purchased), lending materials out through a library, accessing works in the public domain, or using copyrighted materials for research and education under the fair use doctrine.[1] The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) consider the use of DRM systems to be an anti-competitive practice.[8][9]
Worldwide, many laws have been created which criminalize the circumvention of DRM, communication about such circumvention, and the creation and distribution of tools used for such circumvention. Such laws are part of the United States' Digital Millennium Copyright Act,[10] and the European Union's Copyright Directive,[11] (the French DADVSI is an example of a member state of the European Union ('EU') implementing the directive).[12]
Richard Stallman Fiction Ebook Drm Books
- 2Technologies
- 2.1Verifications
- 2.6Tracking
- 3Laws
- 4Opposition
- 5Shortcomings
- 5.4Fundamental Bypass
- 5.5Consumer rights implication
- 5.6Economic implication
- 6Alternatives
- 7See also
Introduction[edit]
The rise of digital media and analog-to-digital conversion technologies has vastly increased the concerns of copyright-owning individuals and organizations, particularly within the music and movie industries. While analog media inevitably lose quality with each copy generation, and in some cases even during normal use, digital media files may be duplicated an unlimited number of times with no degradation in the quality.
The rise of personal computers as household appliances has made it convenient for consumers to convert media (which may or may not be copyrighted) originally in a physical, analog or broadcast form into a universal, digital form (this process is called ripping) for portability or viewing later. This, combined with the Internet and popular file-sharing tools, has made unauthorized distribution of copies of copyrighted digital media (also called digital piracy) much easier.
In 1983, a very early implementation of Digital Rights Management (DRM) was the Software Service System (SSS) devised by the Japanese engineer Ryuichi Moriya.[13] and subsequently refined under the name superdistribution. The SSS was based on encryption, with specialized hardware that controlled decryption and also enabled payments to be sent to the copyright holder. The underlying principle of the SSS and subsequently of superdistribution was that the distribution of encrypted digital products should be completely unrestricted and that users of those products would not just be permitted to redistribute them but would actually be encouraged to do so.
Common DRM techniques include restrictive licensing agreements: The access to digital materials, copyright and public domain is restricted to consumers as a condition of entering a website or when downloading software.[14]Encryption, scrambling of expressive material and embedding of a tag, which is designed to control access and reproduction of information, including backup copies for personal use.[15]
DRM technologies enable content publishers to enforce their own access policies on content, such as restrictions on copying or viewing. These technologies have been criticized for restricting individuals from copying or using the content legally, such as by fair use. DRM is in common use by the entertainment industry (e.g., audio and video publishers).[16] Many online music stores, such as Apple's iTunes Store, and e-book publishers and vendors, such as OverDrive, also use DRM, as do cable and satellite service operators, to prevent unauthorized use of content or services. However, Apple dropped DRM from all iTunes music files around 2009.[17]
Industry has expanded the usage of DRM to more traditional hardware products, such as Keurig's coffeemakers,[18][19]Philips' light bulbs,[20][21]mobile devicepower chargers,[22][23][24] and John Deere's tractors.[25] For instance, tractor companies try to prevent farmers from making DIYrepairs under usage of DRM-laws as DMCA.[26]
Technologies[edit]
Verifications[edit]
Product keys[edit]
One of the oldest and least complicated DRM protection methods for computer and Nintendo Entertainment System games was when the game would pause and prompt the player to look up a certain page in a booklet or manual that came with the game; if the player lacked access to such material, they would not be able to continue the game. A product key, a typically alphanumerical serial number used to represent a license to a particular piece of software, serve a similar function. During the installation process or launch for the software, the user is asked to input the key; if the key correctly corresponds to a valid license (typically via internal algorithms), the key is accepted, then the user who bought the game can continue. In modern practice, product keys are typically combined with other DRM practices (such as online 'activation'), as the software could be cracked to run without a product key, or 'keygen' programs could be developed to generate keys that would be accepted.
Limited install activations[edit]
Some DRM systems limit the number of installations an user can active on different computers by requiring authentication with an online server. Most games with this restriction allow three or five installs, although some allow an installation to be 'recovered' when the game is uninstalled. This not only limits users who have more than three or five computers in their homes, but can also prove to be a problem if the user has to unexpectedly perform certain tasks like upgrading operating systems or reformatting the computer's hard drive.
In mid-2008, the Windows version of Mass Effect marked the start of a wave of titles primarily making use of SecuROM for DRM and requiring authentication with a server. The use of the DRM scheme in 2008's Sporebackfired and there were protests, resulting in a considerable number of users seeking an unlicensed version instead. This backlash against the three-activation limit was a significant factor in Spore becoming the most pirated game in 2008, with TorrentFreak compiling a 'top 10' list with Spore topping the list.[27][28] However, Tweakguides concluded that the presence of intrusive DRM does not appear to increase video game piracy, noting that other games on the list such as Call of Duty 4 and Assassin's Creed use DRM which has no install limits or online activation. Additionally, other video games that do use intrusive DRM such as BioShock, Crysis Warhead, and Mass Effect, do not appear on the list.[29]
Persistent online authentication[edit]
Many mainstream publishers continued to rely on online DRM throughout the later half of 2008 and early 2009, including Electronic Arts, Ubisoft, Valve, and Atari, The Sims 3 being a notable exception in the case of Electronic Arts.[30] Ubisoft broke with the tendency to use online DRM in late 2008, with the release of Prince of Persia as an experiment to 'see how truthful people really are' regarding the claim that DRM was inciting people to use illegal copies.[31] Although Ubisoft has not commented on the results of the 'experiment', Tweakguides noted that two torrents on Mininova had over 23,000 people downloading the game within 24 hours of its release.[32]
Ubisoft formally announced a return to online authentication on 9 February 2010, through its Uplay online gaming platform, starting with Silent Hunter 5, The Settlers 7, and Assassin's Creed II.[33]Silent Hunter 5 was first reported to have been compromised within 24 hours of release,[34] but users of the cracked version soon found out that only early parts of the game were playable.[35] The Uplay system works by having the installed game on the local PCs incomplete and then continuously downloading parts of the game-code from Ubisoft's servers as the game progresses.[36] It was more than a month after the PC release in the first week of April that software was released that could bypass Ubisoft's DRM in Assassin's Creed II. The software did this by emulating a Ubisoft server for the game. Later that month, a real crack was released that was able to remove the connection requirement altogether.[37][38]
In early March 2010, the Uplay servers suffered a period of inaccessibility due to a large-scale DDoS attack, causing around 5% of game owners to become locked out of playing their game.[39] The company later credited owners of the affected games with a free download, and there has been no further downtime.[40]
Other developers, such as Blizzard Entertainment are also shifting to a strategy where most of the game logic is on the 'side' or taken care of by the servers of the game maker. Blizzard uses this strategy for its game Diablo III and Electronic Arts used this same strategy with their reboot of SimCity, the necessity of which has been questioned.[41]
Encryption[edit]
An early example of a DRM system is the Content Scrambling System (CSS) employed by the DVD Forum on film DVDs circa 1996. CSS uses an encryption algorithm to encrypt content on the DVD disc. Manufacturers of DVD players must license this technology and implement it in their devices so that they can decrypt the encrypted content to play it. The CSS license agreement includes restrictions on how the DVD content is played, including what outputs are permitted and how such permitted outputs are made available. This keeps the encryption intact as the video material is played out to a TV.
In 1999, Jon Lech Johansen released an application called DeCSS, which allowed a CSS-encrypted DVD to play on a computer running the Linux operating system, at a time when no licensed DVD player application for Linux had yet been created. The legality of DeCSS is questionable: one of the authors has been the subject of a lawsuit, and reproduction of the keys themselves is subject to restrictions as illegal numbers.[42]
Encryption can ensure that other restriction measures cannot be bypassed by modifying the software, so sophisticated DRM systems rely on encryption to be fully effective. More modern examples include ADEPT, FairPlay, Advanced Access Content System.
Copying Restriction[edit]
Further restrictions can be applied to electronic books and documents, in order to prevent copying, printing, forwarding, and saving backups. This is common for both e-publishers and enterprise Information Rights Management. It typically integrates with content management system software but corporations such as Samsung Electronics also develop their own custom DRM systems.[43]
While some commentators believe DRM makes e-book publishing complex,[44] it has been used by organizations such as the British Library in its secure electronic delivery service to permit worldwide access to substantial numbers of rare documents which, for legal reasons, were previously only available to authorized individuals actually visiting the Library's document centre at Boston Spa in England.[45][46][47]
There are four main e-book DRM schemes in common use today, one each from Adobe, Amazon, Apple, and the Marlin Trust Management Organization (MTMO).
- Adobe's DRM is applied to EPUBs and PDFs, and can be read by several third-party e-book readers, as well as Adobe Digital Editions (ADE) software. Barnes & Noble uses a DRM technology provided by Adobe, applied to EPUBs and the older PDB (Palm OS) format e-books.
- Amazon's DRM is an adaption of the original Mobipocket encryption and is applied to Amazon's .azw4, KF8, and Mobipocket format e-books. Topaz format e-books have their own encryption system.[48]
- Apple's FairPlay DRM is applied to EPUBs and can currently only be read by Apple's iBooks app on iOS devices and Mac OS computers.[citation needed]
- The Marlin DRM was developed and is maintained in an open industry group known as the Marlin Developer Community (MDC) and is licensed by MTMO. (Marlin was founded by five companies, Intertrust, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, and Sony.) The Kno online textbook publisher uses Marlin to protect e-books it sells in the EPUB format. These books can be read on the Kno App for iOS and Android.
Anti-tampering[edit]
The Microsoft operating system, Windows Vista, contains a DRM system called the Protected Media Path, which contains the Protected Video Path (PVP). PVP tries to stop DRM-restricted content from playing while unsigned software is running, in order to prevent the unsigned software from accessing the content. Additionally, PVP can encrypt information during transmission to the monitor or the graphics card, which makes it more difficult to make unauthorized recordings.
Bohemia Interactive have used a form of technology since Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis, wherein if the game copy is suspected of being unauthorized, annoyances like guns losing their accuracy or the players being turned into a bird are introduced.[49]Croteam, the company that released Serious Sam 3: BFE in November 2011, implemented a different form of DRM wherein, instead of displaying error messages that stop the illicit version of the game from running, it causes a special invincible foe in the game to appear and constantly attack the player until he or she is killed.[50][51]
Regional Lockout[edit]
Also in 1999, Microsoft released Windows Media DRM, which read instructions from media files in a rights management language that stated what the user may do with the media.[52] Later versions of Windows Media DRM implemented music subscription services that make downloaded files unplayable after subscriptions are cancelled, along with the ability for a regional lockout.[53]
Tracking[edit]
Watermarks[edit]
Digital watermarks are steganographically embedded within audio or video data during production or distribution. They can be used for recording the copyright owner, the distribution chain or identifying the purchaser of the music. They are not complete DRM mechanisms in their own right, but are used as part of a system for copyright enforcement, such as helping provide prosecution evidence for legal purposes, rather than direct technological restriction.[54]
Some programs used to edit video and/or audio may distort, delete, or otherwise interfere with watermarks. Signal/modulator-carrier chromatography may also separate watermarks from original audio or detect them as glitches. Additionally, comparison of two separately obtained copies of audio using simple, home-grown algorithms can often reveal watermarks.[citation needed]
Metadata[edit]
Sometimes, metadata is included in purchased media which records information such as the purchaser's name, account information, or email address. Also included may be the file's publisher, author, creation date, download date, and various notes. This information is not embedded in the played content, like a watermark, but is kept separate, but within the file or stream.
As an example, metadata is used in media purchased from Apple's iTunes Store for DRM-free as well as DRM-restricted versions of their music or videos. This information is included as MPEG standard metadata.[55][56]
Television[edit]
The CableCard standard is used by cable television providers in the United States to restrict content to services to which the customer has subscribed.
The broadcast flag concept was developed by Fox Broadcasting in 2001, and was supported by the MPAA and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A ruling in May 2005, by a United States courts of appeals held that the FCC lacked authority to impose it on the TV industry in the US. It required that all HDTVs obey a stream specification determining whether a stream can be recorded. This could block instances of fair use, such as time-shifting. It achieved more success elsewhere when it was adopted by the Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB), a consortium of about 250 broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, and regulatory bodies from about 35 countries involved in attempting to develop new digital TV standards.
An updated variant of the broadcast flag has been developed in the Content Protection and Copy Management group under DVB (DVB-CPCM). Upon publication by DVB, the technical specification was submitted to European governments in March 2007. As with much DRM, the CPCM system is intended to control use of copyrighted material by the end-user, at the direction of the copyright holder. According to Ren Bucholz of the EFF, which paid to be a member of the consortium, 'You won't even know ahead of time whether and how you will be able to record and make use of particular programs or devices'.[57] The normative sections have now all been approved for publication by the DVB Steering Board, and will be published by ETSI as a formal European Standard as ETSI TS 102 825-X where X refers to the Part number of specification. Nobody has yet stepped forward to provide a Compliance and Robustness regime for the standard (though several are rumoured to be in development), so it is not presently possible to fully implement a system, as there is nowhere to obtain the necessary device certificates.
Laws[edit]
The 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WCT) requires nations to enact laws against DRM circumvention, and has been implemented in most member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization.
The United States implementation is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), while in Europe the treaty has been implemented by the 2001 European directive on copyright, which requires member states of the European Union to implement legal protections for technological prevention measures. In 2006, the lower house of the French parliament adopted such legislation as part of the controversial DADVSI law, but added that protected DRM techniques should be made interoperable, a move which caused widespread controversy in the United States. The Tribunal de grande instance de Paris concluded in 2006, that the complete blocking of any possibilities of making private copies was an impermissible behaviour under French copyright law.[58]
China[edit]
In 1998 'Interim Regulations' were founded in China, referring to the DMCA.[59] China also has Intellectual Property Rights, which to the World Trade Organization, was 'not in compliance with the Berne Convention'.[59] The WTO panel 'determined that China's copyright laws do not provide the same efficacy to non- Chinese nationals as they do to Chinese citizens, as required by the Berne Convention'. and that 'China's copyright laws do not provide enforcement procedures so as to permit effective action against any act of infringement of intellectual property rights'.[59]
European Union[edit]
On 22 May 2001, the European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, that addressed many of the same issues as the DMCA.
On 25 April 2007, the European Parliament supported the first directive of EU, which aims to harmonize criminal law in the member states. It adopted a first reading report on harmonizing the national measures for fighting copyright abuse. If the European Parliament and the Council approve the legislation, the submitted directive will oblige the member states to consider a crime a violation of international copyright committed with commercial purposes. The text suggests numerous measures: from fines to imprisonment, depending on the gravity of the offense. The EP members supported the Commission motion, changing some of the texts. They excluded patent rights from the range of the directive and decided that the sanctions should apply only to offenses with commercial purposes. Copying for personal, non-commercial purposes was also excluded from the range of the directive.
In 2012, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in favor of reselling copyrighted games, prohibiting any preventative action that would prevent such transaction.[60] The court said that 'The first sale in the EU of a copy of a computer program by the copyright holder or with his consent exhausts the right of distribution of that copy in the EU. A rightholder who has marketed a copy in the territory of a Member State of the EU thus loses the right to rely on his monopoly of exploitation in order to oppose the resale of that copy.'[61]
In 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that circumventing DRM on game devices may be legal under some circumstances, limiting the legal protection to only cover technological measures intended to prevent or eliminate unauthorised acts of reproduction, communication, public offer or distribution.[62][63]
India[edit]
India is not a signatory to WIPO Copyright Treaty nor the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.[64] However, as a part of its 2012 amendment of copyright laws, it implemented digital rights management protection.[65] Section 65A of Copyright Act, 1957 imposed criminal sanctions on circumvention of 'effective technological protection measures'.[66] Section 65B criminalized interference with digital rights management information. Any distribution of copies whose rights management information was modified was also criminalized by Section 65B.[66] The terms used in the provisions were not specifically defined, with the concerned Parliamentary Standing Committee indicating the same to have been deliberate. The Standing Committee noted that similar terms in developed terms were used to considerable complexity and therefore in light of the same, it was preferable to keep it open-ended.[66]
A prison sentence is mandatory under both provisions, with a maximum term of 2 years in addition to fine, which is discretionary. While the statute doesn't include exceptions to copyright infringement, including fair use directly, Section 65A allows measures 'unless they are expressly prohibited', which may implicitly include such exceptions.[65] Section 65B however, lacks any exceptions.[67] Further. Section 65B (digital rights management information) allows resort to other civil provisions, unlike Section 65A.[67][66]
It is important to note that the WIPO Internet Treaties themselves do not mandate criminal sanctions, merely requiring 'effective legal remedies.'[68] Thus, India's adoption of criminal sanctions ensures compliance with the highest standards of the WIPO internet treaties. Given the 2012 amendment, India's entry to the WIPO Internet Treaties appears facilitated,[69] especially since ratification of the WIPO Internet Treaties is mandatory under agreements like the RCEP.[65]
Israel[edit]
As of 2019 Israel had not ratified the WIPO Copyright Treaty. Israeli law does not currently expressly prohibit the circumvention of technological measures used to implement digital rights management. In June 2012 The Israeli Ministry of Justice proposed a bill to prohibit such activities, but the Knesset did not pass it. In September 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that the current copyright law could not be interpreted to prohibit the circumvention of digital rights management, though the Court left open the possibility that such activities could result in liability under the law of unjust enrichment.[70]
United States[edit]
In May 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) passed as an amendment to US copyright law, which criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that lets users circumvent technical copy-restriction methods. (For a more detailed analysis of the statute, see WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act.)
Reverse engineering of existing systems is expressly permitted under the Act under the specific condition of a safe harbor, where circumvention is necessary to achieve interoperability with other software . See 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(f). Open-source software to decrypt content scrambled with the Content Scrambling System and other encryption techniques presents an intractable problem with the application of the Act. Much depends on the intent of the actor. If the decryption is done for the purpose of achieving interoperability of open source operating systems with proprietary operating systems, it would be protected by Section 1201(f) the Act. Cf., Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001) at notes 5 and 16. However, dissemination of such software for the purpose of violating or encouraging others to violate copyrights has been held illegal. See Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
The DMCA has been largely ineffective in protecting DRM systems,[71] as software allowing users to circumvent DRM remains widely available. However, those who wish to preserve the DRM systems have attempted to use the Act to restrict the distribution and development of such software, as in the case of DeCSS.
Although the Act contains an exception for research, the exception is subject to vague qualifiers that do little to reassure researchers. Cf., 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(g). The DMCA has affected cryptography, because many[who?] fear that cryptanalytic research may violate the DMCA. In 2001, the arrest of Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov for alleged infringement of the DMCA was a highly publicized example of the law's use to prevent or penalize development of anti-DRM measures. He was arrested in the US after a presentation at DEF CON, and spent several months in jail. The DMCA has also been cited as chilling to non-criminal inclined users, such as students of cryptanalysis including, Professor Felten and students at Princeton University;[72] security consultants, such as Netherlands based Niels Ferguson, who declined to publish vulnerabilities he discovered in Intel's secure-computing scheme due to fear of being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the US; and blind or visually impaired users of screen readers or other assistive technologies.[73]
International issues[edit]
In Europe, there have been several ongoing dialog activities that are characterized by their consensus-building intention:
- January 2001 Workshop on Digital Rights Management of the World Wide Web Consortium .[74]
- 2003 Participative preparation of the European Committee for Standardization/Information Society Standardization System (CEN/ISSS) DRM Report.[75]
- 2005 DRM Workshops of Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission), and the work of the High Level Group on DRM.[76]
- 2005 Gowers Review of Intellectual Property by the British Government from Andrew Gowers published in 2006 with recommendations regarding copyright terms, exceptions, orphaned works, and copyright enforcement.
- 2004 Consultation process of the European Commission, DG Internal Market, on the Communication COM(2004)261 by the European Commission on 'Management of Copyright and Related Rights' (closed).[77]
- The AXMEDIS project, a European Commission Integrated Project of the FP6, has as its main goal automating content production, copy protection, and distribution, to reduce the related costs, and to support DRM at both B2B and B2C areas, harmonizing them.
- The INDICARE project is an ongoing dialogue on consumer acceptability of DRM solutions in Europe. It is an open and neutral platform for exchange of facts and opinions, mainly based on articles by authors from science and practice.
Opposition[edit]
Many organizations, prominent individuals, and computer scientists are opposed to DRM. Two notable DRM critics are John Walker, as expressed for instance, in his article 'The Digital Imprimatur: How Big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle',[78] and Richard Stallman in his article The Right to Read[79] and in other public statements: 'DRM is an example of a malicious feature – a feature designed to hurt the user of the software, and therefore, it's something for which there can never be toleration'.[80] Stallman also believes that using the word 'rights' is misleading and suggests that the word 'restrictions', as in 'Digital Restrictions Management', be used instead.[81] This terminology has since been adopted by many other writers and critics unconnected with Stallman.[82][83][84]
Other prominent critics of DRM include Professor Ross Anderson of Cambridge University, who heads a British organization which opposes DRM and similar efforts in the UK and elsewhere, and Cory Doctorow, a writer and technology blogger.[85] The EFF and similar organizations such as FreeCulture.org also hold positions which are characterized as opposed to DRM.[86]The Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure has criticized DRM's effect as a trade barrier from a free market perspective.[87]
Bill Gates spoke about DRM at CES in 2006. According to him, DRM is not where it should be, and causes problems for legitimate consumers while trying to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate users.[88]
There have been numerous others who see DRM at a more fundamental level. This is similar to some of the ideas in Michael H. Goldhaber's presentation about 'The Attention Economy and the Net' at a 1997 conference on the 'Economics of Digital Information'.[89] (sample quote from the 'Advice for the Transition' section of that presentation:[89] 'If you can't figure out how to afford it without charging, you may be doing something wrong.')
Defective by Design member protesting DRM on 25 May 2007.
The Norwegian consumer rights organization 'Forbrukerrådet' complained to Apple Inc. in 2007, about the company's use of DRM in, and in conjunction with, its iPod and iTunes products. Apple was accused of restricting users' access to their music and videos in an unlawful way, and of using EULAs which conflict with Norwegian consumer legislation. The complaint was supported by consumers' ombudsmen in Sweden and Denmark, and is currently[when?] being reviewed in the EU. Similarly, the United States Federal Trade Commission held hearings in March 2009, to review disclosure of DRM limitations to customers' use of media products.[90]
Valve Corporation president Gabe Newell also stated 'most DRM strategies are just dumb' because they only decrease the value of a game in the consumer's eyes. Newell suggests that the goal should instead be '[creating] greater value for customers through service value'. Valve operates Steam, a service which serves as an online store for PC games, as well as a social networking service and a DRM platform.[91]
At the 2012 Game Developers Conference, the CEO of CD Projekt Red, Marcin Iwinski, announced that the company will not use DRM in any of its future releases. Iwinski stated of DRM, 'it's just over-complicating things. We release the game. It's cracked in two hours, it was no time for Witcher 2. What really surprised me is that the pirates didn't use the GOG version, which was not protected. They took the SecuROM retail version, cracked it and said 'we cracked it' – meanwhile there's a non-secure version with a simultaneous release. You'd think the GOG version would be the one floating around.' Iwinski added after the presentation, 'DRM does not protect your game. If there are examples that it does, then people maybe should consider it, but then there are complications with legit users.'[92]
The Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers have historically opposed DRM, even going so far as to name AACS as a technology 'most likely to fail' in an issue of IEEE Spectrum.[93]
Tools like FairUse4WM have been created to strip Windows Media of DRM restrictions.[94] Websites – such as library.nu (shut down by court order on 15 February 2012), BookFi, BookFinder, Library Genesis, and Science Hub – have gone further to allow downloading e-books by violating copyright.[95][96][97][98]
Public Licenses[edit]
The final version of the GNU General Public License version 3, as released by the Free Software Foundation, has a provision that 'strips' DRM of its legal value, so people can break the DRM on GPL software without breaking laws like the DMCA. Also, in May 2006, the FSF launched a 'Defective by Design' campaign against DRM.[99][100]
Creative Commons provides licensing options encouraging the expansion of and building upon creative work without the use of DRM.[101] In addition, Creative Commons licenses have anti-DRM clauses, therefore the use of DRM by a licensee to restrict the freedoms granted by a Creative Commons license is a breach of the Baseline Rights asserted by the licenses.[102]
DRM-free works[edit]
Label proposed by the Free Software Foundation for DRM-free works
In reaction to opposition to DRM, many publishers and artists label their works as 'DRM-free'. Major companies that have done so include the following:
- Apple Inc. sold DRM content on their iTunes Store when it started 2003, but made music DRM-free after April 2007[103] and has been labeling all music as 'DRM-Free' since January 2009.[104] The music still carries a digital watermark to identify the purchaser. Other works sold on iTunes such as apps, audiobooks, movies, and TV shows continue to be protected by DRM.[105]
- Since 2014, Comixology, which distributes digital comics, has allowed rights holders to provide the option of a DRM-free download of purchased comics. Publishers which allow this include Dynamite Entertainment, Image Comics, Thrillbent, Top Shelf Productions, and Zenescope Entertainment.[106]
- GOG.com (formerly Good Old Games), a digital distributor started in 2008, specializes in the distribution of PCvideo games. While most other digital distribution services allow various forms of DRM (or have them embedded), gog.com has a strict non-DRM policy.[107]
- All music sold on Google Play is DRM free.
- Tor Books, a major publisher of science fiction and fantasy books, started selling DRM-free e-books in July 2012.[108] Smaller e-book publishers, such as Baen Books and O'Reilly Media, had already forgone DRM previously.
- Vimeo on Demand is one of the publishers included in the Free Software Foundation's DRM-free guide.[109]
Shortcomings[edit]
Reliability[edit]
Many DRM systems require authentication with an online server. Whenever the server goes down, or a region or country experiences an Internet outage, it effectively locks out people from registering or using the material. This is especially true for a product that requires a persistent online authentication, where, for example, a successful DDoS attack on the server would essentially make all copies of the material unusable.
Additionally, any system that requires contact with an authentication server is vulnerable to that server's becoming unavailable, as happened in 2007, when videos purchased from Major League Baseball (mlb.com) prior to 2006, became unplayable due to a change to the servers that validate the licenses.[110]
Usability[edit]
Discs with DRM schemes are not standards-compliant Compact Discs (CDs) but are rather CD-ROM media. Therefore, they all lack the CD logotype found on discs which follow the standard (known as Red Book). These CDs cannot be played on all CD players or personal computers. Personal computers running Microsoft Windows sometimes even crash when attempting to play the CDs.[111]
Performance[edit]
DRM is preceived to create performance drawbacks, as games tend to have better performance after the DRM is patched out.[112][113]However, as game developers pointed out in the case of Rime, the impact on performance can be minimised depending on how the DRM system is integrated. [114]In March 2018, PC Gamer tested Final Fantasy 15 for the performance effects of Denuvo, which was found to cause no negative gameplay impact despite a little increase in loading time.[115]
Fundamental Bypass[edit]
Always Technically Breakable[edit]
DRM schemes, especially software based ones, can never be wholly secure since the software must include all the information necessary to decrypt the content, such as the decryption keys. An attacker will be able to extract this information, directly decrypt and copy the content, which bypasses the restrictions imposed by a DRM system.[85] Even with the industrial-grade Advanced Access Content System (AACS) for HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs, a process key was published by hackers in December 2006, which enabled unrestricted access to AACS-protected content.[116] After the first keys was revoked, further cracked keys were released.[117]
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To protect a secret decryption key from the users of the system, some DRM schemes use encrypted media which requires purpose-built hardware to hear or see the content. A common real-world example can be found in commercial direct broadcast satellite television systems such as DirecTV and Malaysia's Astro. The company uses tamper-resistant smart cards to store decryption keys so that they are hidden from the user and the satellite receiver. This appears to ensure that only licensed users with the hardware can access the content. While this in principle can work, it is extremely difficult to build the hardware to protect the secret key against a sufficiently determined adversary. Many such systems have failed in the field. Once the secret key is known, building a version of the hardware that performs no checks is often relatively straightforward. In addition user verification provisions are frequently subject to attack, pirate decryption being among the most frequented ones.
Bruce Schneier argues that digital copy prevention is futile: 'What the entertainment industry is trying to do is to use technology to contradict that natural law. They want a practical way to make copying hard enough to save their existing business. But they are doomed to fail.'[118] He has also described trying to make digital files uncopyable as being like 'trying to make water not wet'.[119] The creators of StarForce also take this stance, stating that 'The purpose of copy protection is not making the game uncrackable – it is impossible.'[120]
Analog recording[edit]
All forms of DRM for audio and visual material (excluding interactive materials, e.g., videogames) are subject to the analog hole, namely that in order for a viewer to play the material, the digital signal must be turned into an analog signal containing light and/or sound for the viewer, and so available to be copied as no DRM is capable of controlling content in this form. In other words, a user could play a purchased audio file while using a separate program to record the sound back into the computer into a DRM-free file format.
All DRM to date can therefore be bypassed by recording this signal and digitally storing and distributing it in a non DRM limited form, by anyone who has the technical means of recording the analog stream. Furthermore, the analog hole cannot be overcome without the additional protection of externally imposed restrictions, such as legal regulations, because the vulnerability is inherent to all analog means of transmission.[121] However, the conversion from digital to analog and back is likely to force a loss of quality, particularly when using lossy digital formats. HDCP is an attempt to plug the analog hole, although as of 2009, it was largely ineffective.[122][123]
Asus released a soundcard which features a function called 'Analog Loopback Transformation' to bypass the restrictions of DRM. This feature allows the user to record DRM-restricted audio via the soundcard's built-in analog I/O connection.[124][125]
In order to prevent this exploit, there has been some discussions between copyright holders and manufacturers of electronics capable of playing such content to no longer include analog connectivity in their devices.[citation needed] The movement, dubbed as 'Analog Sunset', has seen a steady decline in analog output options on most Blu-ray devices manufactured after 2010.[citation needed]
Consumer rights implication[edit]
Ownership issue after purchase[edit]
DRM opponents argue that the presence of DRM violates existing private property rights and restricts a range of heretofore normal and legal user activities. A DRM component would control a device a user owns (such as a digital audio player) by restricting how it may act with regard to certain content, overriding some of the user's wishes (for example, preventing the user from burning a copyrighted song to CD as part of a compilation or a review). Doctorow has described this possibility as 'the right to make up your own copyright laws'.[126]
An example of this restriction to legal user activities may be seen in Microsoft's Windows Vista operating system in which content using a Protected Media Path is disabled or degraded depending on the DRM scheme's evaluation of whether the hardware and its use are 'secure'.[127] All forms of DRM depend on the DRM-enabled device (e.g., computer, DVD player, TV) imposing restrictions that cannot be disabled or modified by the user. Key issues around DRM such as the right to make personal copies, provisions for persons to lend copies to friends, provisions for service discontinuance, hardware agnosticism, software and operating system agnosticism,[128] contracts for public libraries, and customers' protection against one-side amendments of the contract by the publisher have not been fully addressed. It has also been pointed out that it is entirely unclear whether owners of content with DRM are legally permitted to pass on their property as inheritance to another person.[129]
In one instance of DRM that caused a rift with consumers, Amazon.com in July 2009, remotely deleted purchased copies of George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) from customers' Amazon Kindles after providing them a refund for the purchased products.[130] Commentors have described these actions as Orwellian and have compared Amazon to Big Brother from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.[131][132][133][134] After Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos issued a public apology, the Free Software Foundation wrote that this was just one more example of the excessive power Amazon has to remotely censor what people read through its software, and called upon Amazon to free its e-book reader and drop DRM.[135] Amazon then revealed the reason behind its deletion: the e-books in question were unauthorized reproductions of Orwell's works, which were not within the public domain and to which the company that published and sold them on Amazon's service had no rights.[136]
Compulsory bundled software[edit]
In 2005, Sony BMG introduced new DRM technology which installed DRM software on users' computers without clearly notifying the user or requiring confirmation. Among other things, the installed software included a rootkit, which created a severe security vulnerability others could exploit. When the nature of the DRM involved was made public much later, Sony BMG initially minimized the significance of the vulnerabilities its software had created, but was eventually compelled to recall millions of CDs, and released several attempts to patch the surreptitiously included software to at least remove the rootkit. Several class action lawsuits were filed, which were ultimately settled by agreements to provide affected consumers with a cash payout or album downloads free of DRM.[137]
Obsolescence[edit]
When standards and formats change, it may be difficult to transfer DRM-restricted content to new media, for instance Microsoft's new media player Zune did not support content that uses Microsoft's own PlaysForSure DRM scheme they had previously been selling.[138]
Furthermore, when a company undergoes business adjustment or even bankrupt, its legacy service may become unavailable. Examples include MSN Music[139], Yahoo! Music Store[140], Adobe Content Server 3 for Adobe PDF[141], Acetrax Video on Demand[142], etc.
In the case of planned obsolescence, consumer complaints can be made to regulatory agencies, which may pose scrutiny to company that uses DRM to abuse its market dominance.[citation needed]
Selective Enforcement[edit]
DRM laws are widely flouted: according to Australia Official Music Chart Survey, copyright infringements from all causes are practised by millions of people.[143] According to the EFF, 'in an effort to attract customers, these music services try to obscure the restrictions they impose on you with clever marketing.'[144]
Economic implication[edit]
Lost benefits from massive market share[edit]
Jeff Raikes, ex-president of the Microsoft Business Division, stated: 'If they're going to pirate somebody, we want it to be us rather than somebody else'.[145] An analogous argument was made in an early paper by Kathleen Conner and Richard Rummelt.[146] A subsequent study of digital rights management for e-books by Gal Oestreicher-Singer and Arun Sundararajan showed that relaxing some forms of DRM can be beneficial to digital rights holders because the losses from piracy are outweighed by the increases in value to legal buyers.[147]
Also, free distribution, even if unauthorized, can be beneficial to small or new content providers by spreading and popularizing content. With a larger consumer base by sharing and word of mouth, the number of paying customers also increases, resulting in more profits. Several musicians[who?] have grown to popularity by posting their music videos on sites like YouTube where the content is free to listen to. This method of putting the product out in the world free of DRM not only generates a greater following but also fuels greater revenue through other merchandise (hats, T-shirts), concert tickets, and of course, more sales of the content to paying consumers.
Push away legitimate customer[edit]
While the main intent of DRM is to prevent unauthorized copies of a product, there are mathematical models that suggest that DRM schemes can fail to do their job on multiple levels.[148] The biggest failure is the burden that DRM poses on a legitimate customer will reduce the customer's willingness to pay for the product. An ideal DRM would be one which imposes zero restrictions on legal buyers but imposes restrictions on copyright infringers.
In January 2007, EMI stopped publishing audio CDs with DRM, stating that 'the costs of DRM do not measure up to the results.'[149] In March, Musicload.de, one of Europe's largest internet music retailers, announced their position strongly against DRM. In an open letter, Musicload stated that three out of every four calls to their customer support phone service are as a result of consumer frustration with DRM.[150]
The mathematical models are strictly applied to the music industry (music CDs, downloadable music). These models could be extended to the other industries such as the gaming industry which show similarities to the music industry model. There are real instances when DRM restrain consumers in the gaming industry. Some DRM games are required to connect to the Internet in order to play them.[151]Good Old Games' head of public relations and marketing, Trevor Longino, in agreement with this, believes that using DRM is less effective than improving a game's value in reducing video game infringement.[152] However, TorrentFreak published a 'Top 10 pirated games of 2008' list which shows that intrusive DRM is not the main reason why some games are copied more heavily than others. Popular games such as BioShock, Crysis Warhead, and Mass Effect which use intrusive DRM are strangely absent from the list.[29]
Anti-competition practice[edit]
Alternatives[edit]
Several business models have been proposed that offer an alternative to the use of DRM by content providers and rights holders.[153]
'Easy and cheap'[edit]
The first business model that dissuades illegal file sharing is to make downloading digital media easy and cheap. The use of noncommercial sites makes downloading digital media complex. For example, misspelling an artist's name in a search query will often fail to return a result, and some sites limit internet traffic, which can make downloading media a long and frustrating process. Furthermore, illegal file sharing websites are often host to viruses and malware which attach themselves to the files (see torrent poisoning).[154] If digital media (for example, songs) are all provided on accessible, legitimate sites, and are reasonably priced, consumers will purchase media legally to overcome these frustrations.[153]
Comedian Louis C.K. made headlines in 2011, with the release of his concert filmLive at the Beacon Theater as an inexpensive (US$5), DRM-free download. The only attempt to deter unlicensed copies was a letter emphasizing the lack of corporate involvement and direct relationship between artist and viewer. The film was a commercial success, turning a profit within 12 hours of its release. Some, including the artist himself, have suggested that file sharing rates were lower than normal as a result, making the release an important case study for the digital marketplace.[155][156][157]
Webcomic Diesel Sweeties released a DRM-free PDF e-book on author R Stevens's 35th birthday,[158][159][160] leading to more than 140,000 downloads in the first month, according to Stevens.[161] He followed this with a DRM-free iBook specifically for the iPad, using Apple's new software,[162] which generated more than 10,000 downloads in three days.[163] That led Stevens to launch a Kickstarter project – 'ebook stravaganza 3000' – to fund the conversion of 3,000 comics, written over 12 years, into a single 'humongous' e-book to be released both for free and through the iBookstore; launched 8 February 2012, with the goal of raising $3,000 in 30 days, the project met its goal in 45 minutes, and went on to be funded at more than 10 times its original goal.[164] The 'payment optional' DRM-free model in this case was adopted on Stevens' view that 'there is a class of webcomics reader who would prefer to read in large chunks and, even better, would be willing to spend a little money on it.'[163]
Crowdfunding or pre-order model[edit]
In February 2012, Double Fine asked for an upcoming video game, Double Fine Adventure, for crowdfunding on kickstarter.com and offered the game DRM-free for backers. This project exceeded its original goal of $400,000 in 45 days, raising in excess of $2 million.[165][166] In this case DRM freedom was offered to backers as an incentive for supporting the project before release, with the consumer and community support and media attention from the highly successful Kickstarter drive counterbalancing any loss through file sharing.[citation needed] Also, crowdfunding with the product itself as benefit for the supporters can be seen as pre-order or subscription business model in which one motivation for DRM, the uncertainty if a product will have enough paying customers to outweigh the development costs, is eliminated. After the success of Double Fine Adventure, many games were crowd-funded and many of them offered a DRM-free game version for the backers.[167][168][169]
Digital content as promotion for traditional products[edit]
Many artists are using the Internet to give away music to create awareness and liking to a new upcoming album. The artists release a new song on the internet for free download, which consumers can download. The hope is to have the listeners buy the new album because of the free download.[153] A common practice used today is releasing a song or two on the internet for consumers to indulge. In 2007, Radiohead released an album named 'In Rainbows', in which fans could pay any amount they want, or download it for free.[170]
Artistic Freedom Voucher[edit]
The Artistic Freedom Voucher (AFV) introduced by Dean Baker is a way for consumers to support “creative and artistic work.” In this system, each consumer would have a refundable tax credit of $100 to give to any artist of creative work. To restrict fraud, the artists must register with the government. The voucher prohibits any artist that receives the benefits from copyrighting their material for a certain length of time. Consumers can obtain music for a certain amount of time easily and the consumer decides which artists receive the $100. The money can either be given to one artist or to many, the distribution is up to the consumer.[171]
See also[edit]
Related concepts[edit]
Lawsuits[edit]
Organizations[edit]
- DigitalEurope – European Information, Communications and Consumer Electronics Technology Industry Associations
- Pirate Party, a Swedish political party which is a proponent of free culture and free knowledge
References[edit]
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Digital locks – also known as digital rights management (DRM) technologies or technological protection measures (TPM)
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- ^Bobbie Johnson, San Francisco (6 January 2009). 'Apple drops copy protection from iTunes'. Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^Bode, Karl (3 March 2014). 'Keurig Will Use DRM in New Coffee Maker To Lock Out Refill Market'. techdirt.com. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
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Apple has filed a patent application on a technology for tethering rechargeable devices (like iPods) to particular chargers. The idea is that the device will only allow its batteries to be recharged if it is connected to an authorized charger. Whether this is good for consumers depends on how a device comes to be authorized. If 'authorized' just means 'sold or licensed by Apple' then consumers won't benefit – the only effect will be to give Apple control of the aftermarket for replacement chargers.
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- ^Jamali, Hamid R.; Nicholas, David; Rowlands, Ian (2009). 'Scholarly e‐books: the views of 16,000 academics: Results from the JISC National E‐Book Observatory'. Aslib Proceedings. Emerald Insight. pp. 33–47.
- ^ abDoctorow, Cory (17 June 2004). 'Microsoft Research DRM Talk'(PDF). craphound.com. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
At the end of the day, all DRM systems share a common vulnerability: they provide their attackers with ciphertext, the cipher and the key. At this point, the secret isn't a secret anymore.
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[..] [Good Old Games] focuses on bringing old, time-tested games into the downloadable era with low prices and no DRM.
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- ^'Denuvo DRM Proven To Hurt Performance Of Games It's Attached To'. TheGamer. 29 March 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^Orland, Kyle (2 June 2017). 'Rime allegedly runs faster with Denuvo DRM stripped out'. Ars Technica. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^Thoman, Peter 'Durante' (9 March 2018). 'Tested: Denuvo DRM has no performance impact on Final Fantasy 15'. PC Gamer. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^Xeni Jardin (28 December 2006). 'Report: HD-DVD copy protection defeated'. BoingBoing. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
- ^Cory Doctorow (30 May 2007). 'New AACS processing key leaks onto the net'. BoingBoing. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009.
- ^The Futility of Digital Copy Prevention Crypto-Gram Newsletter, 15 May 2001
- ^Bruce Schneier (7 September 2005). 'Quickest Patch Ever'. Wired. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010.
- ^'Official words of StarForce on DRM'. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- ^Sicker, Douglas, Paul Ohm, and Shannon Gunaji. 'The Analog Hole and the Price of Music: An Empirical Study'. Journal of Tellecommunications and High Technology. 2006–2007.
- ^'MPAA shows how to videorecord a TV set'. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- ^Sander, Tomas (26 April 2002). Security and Privacy in Digital Rights Management. ISBN9783540436775. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
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- ^DRM Is The Right To Make Up Your Own Copyright Laws – Mike Masnick, Techdirt, 6 February 2014
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- ^'Why is Netflix ignoring Linux?'. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- ^Why the Kindle's DRM is anti-elderly: AARP should fight against itArchived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 26 February 2009
- ^Stone, Brad (18 July 2009). 'Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle Devices'. New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^David Pogue (17 July 2009). 'Some E-Books Are More Equal Than Others'. New York Times.
- ^Pete Cashmore (17 July 2009). 'Big Brother: Amazon Remotely Deletes 1984 From Kindles'.
- ^Mark Frauenfelder (17 July 2009). 'Amazon zaps purchased copies of Orwell's 1984 and Animal Farm from Kindles'.
- ^Ina Fried (17 July 2009). 'Amazon recalls (and embodies) Orwell's '1984''.
- ^Free Software Foundation (23 July 2009). 'Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos apologizes for Kindle ebook deletion. Free Software Foundation calls upon Amazon to free the ebook reader'.
- ^'Why Amazon went Big Brother on some Kindle e-books'. arstechnica.com. 17 July 2009.
- ^McMillan, Robert (23 May 2006). 'Settlement Ends Sony Rootkit Case'. PC World. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^'Zune Won't Play Old DRM Infected Files'. slashdot.org. 19 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
- ^Cheng, Jacqui (22 April 2008). 'DRM sucks redux: Microsoft to nuke MSN Music DRM keys'. Ars Technica. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
- ^Anderson, Nate (24 July 2008). 'DRM still sucks: Yahoo Music going dark, taking keys with it'. Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
- ^'Adobe Content 3 Server Discontinued'. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ^'VOD Service Acetrax Shutting Down, Forcing Customers Through DRM Hoops To Retain Their Purchased Movies'. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
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- ^'Microsoft executive: Pirating software? Choose Microsoft!'. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^Conner, Kathleen and Richard Rummelt (1991). 'Software Piracy: An Analysis of Protection Strategies'. Management Science. 37 (2). doi:10.1287/mnsc.37.2.125. JSTOR2632386.
- ^Oestreicher-Singer, Gal and Arun Sundararajan (2004). 'Are Digital Rights Valuable? Theory and Evidence from the eBook Industry'. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems.
- ^Dinah A. Vernik; Devavrat Purohit; Preyas S. Desai (2011). 'Music Downloads and the Flip Side of Digital Rights Management'(PDF). Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^Marechal, Sander (9 January 2007). 'DRM on audio CDs abolished'.
- ^Ken Fisher (18 March 2007). 'Musicload: 75% of customer service problems caused by DRM'. Ars Technica. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
- ^Sinclair, Brendan. 'Ubisoft DRM games to be temporarily unplayable'.
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- ^ abcCommittee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Emerging Information Infrastructure, National Research Council. (2000) 'The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age.' 3 May 2011. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9601#toc
- ^'Surprise, surprise – almost every piracy website features cyber scams'. BetaNews. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^'Louis CK: Live at the Beacon Theater'. Buy.louisck.net. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^Ingram, Mathew (14 December 2011). 'What Louis C.K. Knows That Most Media Companies Don't'. Businessweek. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^chris hannay (6 September 2012). 'Why Louis C.K.'s big payday proves the Internet has ethics'. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^'A New DRM-free Experiment: Diesel Sweeties'. news.cnet.com. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^'Diesel Sweeties Webcomics Ebook'. www.dieselsweeties.com. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^'Free PDF of the first Diesel Sweeties comic collection'. boingboing.net. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^'Diesel Sweeties eBook-Stravaganza 3000 by Richard Stevens – Kickstarter'. Kickstarter.com. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^'An Experiment in iBookery'. dieselsweeties.com. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ ab'iBooks Follow-up'. dieselsweeties.com. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^'Diesel Sweeties eBook-Stravaganza 3000'. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^'Double Fine Adventure'. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^'Double Fine's adventure game will be DRM free for backers'. videogamer.com. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^drmfree-torment-is-the-most-richly-backed-game-on-kickstarter on theinquirer.net
- ^civitas-the-drm-free-alternative-to-simcity-hits-kickstarter on techspot.com
- ^Kitaru Kickstarter supporters get DRM-free copy of the game on technologytell.com
- ^Monaghan, Angela. (2007). 'Radiohead Challenges Labels With Free Album.' Web. 10 May 2011. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2816893/Radiohead-challenges-labels-with-free-album.html
- ^Baker, Dean. (2003). 'The Artistic Freedom Voucher: An Internet Age Alternative to Copyrights.' Pg. 2–8. Web. 3 May. 2011. http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/ip_2003_11.pdf
Further reading[edit]
Free Fiction Ebook
- Lawrence Lessig's Free Culture, published by Basic Books in 2004, is available for free download in PDF format. The book is a legal and social history of copyright. Lessig is well known, in part, for arguing landmark cases on copyright law. A Professor of Law at Stanford University, Lessig writes for an educated lay audience, including for non-lawyers. He is, for the most part, an opponent of DRM technologies.
- Rosenblatt, B. et al., Digital Rights Management: Business and Technology, published by M&T Books (John Wiley & Sons) in 2001. An overview of DRM technology, business implications for content publishers, and relationship to U.S. copyright law.
- Consumer's Guide to DRM, published in 10 languages (Czech, German, Greek, English, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Swedish), produced by the INDICARE research and dialogue project
- Eberhard Becker, Willms Buhse, Dirk Günnewig, Niels Rump: Digital Rights Management – Technological, Economic, Legal and Political Aspects. An 800-page compendium from 60 different authors on DRM.
- Arun Sundararajan's Managing Digital Piracy: Pricing and Protection uses the following digital rights conjecture, that 'digital rights increases the incidence of digital piracy, and that managing digital rights therefore involves restricting the rights of usage that contribute to customer value' to show that creative pricing can be an effective substitute for excessively stringent DRM.
- Fetscherin, M., Implications of Digital Rights Management on the Demand for Digital Content, provides an excellent view on DRM from a consumers perspective. 'Buch- und online Publikationen'. dissertation.de. 5 February 1998. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- The Pig and the Box, a book with colorful illustrations and having a coloring book version, by 'MCM'. It describes DRM in terms suited to kids, written in reaction to a Canadian entertainment industry copyright education initiative, aimed at children.
- Present State and Emerging Scenarios of Digital Rights Management Systems – A paper by Marc Fetscherin which provides an overview of the various components of DRM, pro and cons and future outlook of how, where, when such systems might be used.
- DRM is Like Paying for Ice – Richard Menta article on MP3 Newswire discusses how DRM is implemented in ways to control consumers, but is undermining perceived product value in the process.
- A Semantic Web Approach to Digital Rights Management – PhD Thesis by Roberto García that tries to address DRM issues using Semantic Web technologies and methodologies.
- Patricia Akester, 'Technological Accommodation of Conflicts between Freedom of Expression and DRM: The First Empirical Assessment' available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1469412 (unveiling, through empirical lines of enquiry, (1) whether certain acts which are permitted by law are being adversely affected by the use of DRM and (2) whether technology can accommodate conflicts between freedom of expression and DRM).
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Digital rights management |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digital rights management. |
- BBC News Technology Q&A: What is DRM?
- Copyright vs Community in the Age of Computer Networks by Richard Stallman
- Windows Media DRM FAQ at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 December 2010) from Microsoft
- Microsoft Research DRM talk, by Cory Doctorow
- iTunes, DRM and competition law by Reckon LLP
- Digital Rights Management at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 March 2008) from CEN/ISSS (European Committee for Standardization / Information Society Standardization System). Contains a range of possible definitions for DRM from various stakeholders. 30 September 2003
- PC Game Piracy Examined Article investigating the effects of DRM and piracy on the video game industry
- DRM.info Information about DRM by Chaos Computer Club, Defective by design, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Free Software Foundation Europe, and other organisations.
- DRM Is Failure, by Adam Singer at Future Buzz media marketing
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_rights_management&oldid=903734372#DRM_and_e-books'
Freely available source code, with contributions from thousands of programmers around the world: this is the spirit of the software revolution known as Open Source. Open Source has grabbed the computer industry's attention. Netscape has opened the source code to Mozilla; IBM supports Apache; major database vendors haved ported their products to Linux. As enterprises realize the power of the open-source development model, Open Source is becoming a viable mainstream alternative to commercial software.Now in Open Sources, leaders of Open Source come together for the first time to discuss the new vision of the software industry they have created. The essays in this volume offer insight into how the Open Source movement works, why it succeeds, and where it is going.For programmers who have labored on open-source projects, Open Sources is the new gospel: a powerful vision from the movement's spiritual leaders. For businesses integrating open-source software into their enterprise, Open Sources reveals the mysteries of how open development builds better software, and how businesses can leverage freely available software for a competitive business advantage.The contributors here have been the leaders in the open-source arena:Brian Behlendorf (Apache)Kirk Mc Kusick (Berkeley Unix)Tim O'Reilly (Publisher, O'Reilly & Associates)Bruce Perens (Debian Project, Open Source Initiative)Tom Paquin and Jim Hamerly (mozilla.org, Netscape)Eric Raymond (Open Source Initiative)Richard Stallman (GNU, Free Software Foundation, Emacs)Michael Tiemann (Cygnus Solutions)Linus Torvalds (Linux)Paul Vixie (Bind)Larry Wall (Perl)This book explains why the majority of the Internet's servers use open- source technologies for everything from the operating system to Web serving and email. Key technology products developed with open-source software have overtaken and surpassed the commercial efforts of billion dollar companies like Microsoft and IBM to dominate software markets. Learn the inside story of what led Netscape to decide to release its source code using the open-source mode. Learn how Cygnus Solutions builds the world's best compilers by sharing the source code. Learn why venture capitalists are eagerly watching Red Hat Software, a company that gives its key product -- Linux -- away.For the first time in print, this book presents the story of the open- source phenomenon told by the people who created this movement.Open Sources will bring you into the world of free software and show you the revolution.
(Redirected from Richard Stalin)
Stallman in 2019 | |
Born | March 16, 1953 (age 66) New York City, New York, US |
---|---|
Residence | Cambridge, Massachusetts, US |
Other names | rms |
Alma mater | |
Occupation | |
Known for | |
Title | President of the Free Software Foundation |
Awards | |
Website | stallman.org |
Richard Matthew Stallman (/ˈstɔːlmən/; born March 16, 1953), often known by his initials, rms,[1] (also his email ID), and occasionally upper-case RMS, is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in a manner such that its users receive the freedoms to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software. Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation, developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote the GNU General Public License.
Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software.[2] With this, he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including, among others, the GNU Compiler Collection,[3]GNU Debugger,[4] and GNU Emacs text editor.[5] In October 1985[6] he founded the Free Software Foundation.
Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify, and distribute free software, and is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public License (GPL), the most widely used free software license.[7]
In 1989, he co-founded the League for Programming Freedom. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, digital rights management (which he referred to as digital restrictions management, calling the more common term misleading), and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. This has included software license agreements, non-disclosure agreements, activation keys, dongles, copy restriction, proprietary formats, and binaryexecutables without source code.
- 1Early life
- 4Activism
- 5Terminology
- 5.1Rejections
Early life[edit]
Stallman was born March 16, 1953,[8] in New York City, to a family of Jewish heritage.[9] His parents are Alice Lippman, a school teacher, and Daniel Stallman, a printing press broker. Stallman had a difficult relationship with his parents, as his father had a drinking habit and verbally abused his stepmother. He later came to describe his parents as 'tyrants'.[10] He was interested in computers at a young age; when Stallman was a pre-teen at a summer camp, he read manuals for the IBM 7094.[11] From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for high school students.[11] Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was interested in mathematics and physics, his teaching professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist.[12]
His first experience with actual computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970, following his senior year of high school, to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran.[11] He completed the task after a couple of weeks ('I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages') and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL[13] and a preprocessor for the PL/Iprogramming language on the IBM System/360.[14]
Harvard University and MIT[edit]
As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55.[15] He was happy: 'For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard.'[11]
In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, RMS (which he used in his computer accounts).[1][16] Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (magna cum laude) from Harvard in 1974.[17]
Stallman considered staying on at Harvard, but instead he decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left that program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.[11][14]
While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman,[14] Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called dependency-directed backtracking.[18] This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2009, the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.[19] The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.[19]
As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects such as TECO, Emacs for ITS, and the Lisp machine operating system (the CONS of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and LMI starting around 1980).[16] He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Vb decompiler pro 10.6 crack. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.[20]
Events leading to GNU[edit]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976.[21]
When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in the Scribe markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it 'a crime against humanity'.[14] During an interview in 2008, he clarified that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for software.[22] Stallman's texinfo is a GPL replacement, loosely based on Scribe;[23] the original version was finished in 1986.[24]
In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the software they use.[25]
Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.[20]
Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.[26] The phrase 'software wants to be free' is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.[27] He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.[28]Eric S. Raymond, one of the creators of the open-source movement,[29] argues that moral arguments, rather than pragmatic ones, alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy.[30]
In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he has remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid[31] visiting scientist in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[32] Until 'around 1998', he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence.[33]
GNU project[edit]
Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET.[2][34] He started the project on his own and describes: 'As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it.'[35]
Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a GLUG) at Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Calcutta, India
In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix.[16] The name GNU is a recursive acronym for 'GNU's Not Unix'.[16] Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman is the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts.[36] Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.
Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (GNU Debugger), and a build automator (GNU make). The notable omission was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon's Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance.
In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithicLinux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU/Linux. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.
Cover picture for O'Reilly Media's book Free as in Freedom
Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX[37] and the Emacs editor. On Unix systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to canonize himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs[38][39] and acknowledge that 'vi vi vi is the editor of the beast', while 'using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance'.[40] On his homepage Stallman explains what a life in the Church of Emacs means to its members: 'Sainthood in the Church of Emacs requires living a life of purity—but in the Church of Emacs, this does not require celibacy (a sigh of relief is heard)'.[39]
In 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs.[41] The technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:
There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.[42]
Activism[edit]
Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.[16] The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement,[43]The Dangers of Software Patents,[44] and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks.[45] In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.[46]
Linus Torvalds has criticized Stallman for what he considers 'black-and-white thinking'.[47]
Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree.[48] Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software.[49]
In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.[50] The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.[51]
Project Aces aims to revolutionize the sky with this entry in the series, offering an experience so immersive it feels like you’re piloting an actual aircraft! FULL UNLOCKED – TORRENT – FREE DOWNLOAD – CRACKEDACE COMBAT 7: SKIES UNKNOWN – Become an ace pilot and soar through photorealistic skies with full 360 degree movement; down enemy aircraft and experience the thrill of engaging inGame OverviewPurchase ACE COMBAT™ 7: SKIES UNKNOWN and get the playable F-104C: Avril DLC as a bonus.
Become an ace pilot and soar through photorealistic skies with full 360 degree movement; down enemy aircraft and experience the thrill of engaging in realistic sorties! Aerial combat has never looked or felt better!
Stallman is a world traveler and has visited at least 65 countries, mostly to speak about free software and the GNU project.[52] According to Stallman, the free software movement has much in common with that of Mahatma Gandhi.[53] Stallman is also highly critical of the effect that drug patents have had on developing countries.[54][55]
Stallman giving a speech on 'Free Software and Your Freedom' at the biennale du design of Saint-Étienne (2008)
In Venezuela, Stallman has delivered public speeches and promoted the adoption of free software in the state's oil company (PDVSA), in municipal government, and in the nation's military. In meetings with Hugo Chávez and in public speeches, Stallman criticised some policies on television broadcasting, free speech rights, and privacy.[56][57] Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch[58] but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the Arab Spring.[59]
In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.[60]
After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[61] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,[62] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.[63]
On November 30, 2012, Stallman gave the opening lecture at the Goiano Free Software Forum in Brazil, talking about successful cases of switching to free software in government, business and at universities.[64]
Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,[65]digital rights management,[66][67] and proprietary software.
Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a 'Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom' placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.[68] ATI has since merged with AMD Corporation and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.[69]
In response to Apple's Macintoshlook and feel lawsuits against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988, Stallman called for a boycott of Apple products on the grounds that a successful look-and-feel lawsuit would 'put an end to free software that could substitute for commercial software'.[70] The boycott was lifted in 1995, which meant the FSF started to accept patches to GNU software for Apple operating systems.[71]
Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
Stallman has characterized Steve Jobs as having a 'malign influence' on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce closed platforms.[72][73] In 1993, while Jobs was at NeXT, Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an Objective-C preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be 'very undesirable for free software', he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be 'subterfuges' and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was 'really' one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.[74]
Commenting on Jobs' death, he said, 'As Chicago Mayor Harold Washington said of the corrupt former Mayor Daley, 'I'm not glad he's dead, but I'm glad he's gone.'[73]
Stallman's remark stirred up accusations of being in bad taste, while Eric S. Raymond, author of The Cathedral and the Bazaar, observed that Stallman's statement was not personal, but was simply criticizing walled gardens.[72]
For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the One Laptop per Child program. Stallman's computer is a refurbished ThinkPad T400s with Libreboot, a free BIOS replacement, and the GNU/Linux distribution Trisquel.[75] Before the ThinkPad T400s, Stallman used a Thinkpad X60 with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU/Linux.[76] And before the X60, Stallman used the Lemote Yeeloong netbook (using the same company's Loongson processor) which he chose because, like the X60 and the T400s, it could run with free software at the BIOS level, stating 'freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer.'[77] Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while in Argentina.[78] Before Trisquel, Stallman has used the gNewSense operating system.[79][80]
Copyright reduction[edit]
Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled 'Copyright vs. Community' where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF Defective by Design campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a 'reduced copyright' and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that 'fairly successful non-stars' receive a greater share than they do now (compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.[81][82] He has advocated civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde.[82][83]
Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.[84]
Stallman at Swatantra 2014, a conference organized by ICFOSS in Kerala, India
Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the Amazon Kindlee-reader that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story 'The Right to Read' provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical end-user license agreements that accompany e-books.[82][84][85]
Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu-ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data (to force the user to view certain promotional material) as a conspiracy.[86]
He recognized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal to be a criminal act by Sony. Stallman supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz.[87]
Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.[88][89][90][91]
He denies being an anarchist despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has 'advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom'.[92]
Surveillance resistance[edit]
Stallman professes admiration for whistleblowersJulian Assange[93] and Edward Snowden;[94] he advocates for Snowden in a prefix at the beginning of each of his emails, which can be found in several mailing lists, after Snowden leaked the PRISM scandal in 2013: 'To any NSA and FBI agents reading my email: please consider whether defending the US Constitution against all enemies, foreign or domestic, requires you to follow Snowden's example.'
Terminology[edit]
Stallman, in costume as St. IGNUcius, wears a halo consisting of the platter of an old hard disk drive.[39] (Monastir, Tunisia, 2012)
Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms intellectual property and piracy (in relation to copyright). One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agree to use his terminology throughout the article.[95] He has been known to turn down speaking requests over some terminology issues.[96]
Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark, and other laws by lumping together areas of law that are more dissimilar than similar.[97] He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing:
These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas – a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.[98]
An example of cautioning others to avoid other terminology while also offering suggestions for possible alternatives is this sentence of an e-mail by Stallman to a public mailing list:
I think it is ok for authors (please let's not call them creators, they are not gods) to ask for money for copies of their works (please let's not devalue these works by calling them content) in order to gain income (the term compensation falsely implies it is a matter of making up for some kind of damages).[99]
Rejections[edit]
Open source for free software[edit]
His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open-source communities.
After initially accepting the concept,[100] Stallman rejects a common alternative term, open-source software, because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.[101] He wrote, 'Free software is a political movement; open source is a development model.'[102] Thus, he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.[103] Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software, but free software is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term proprietary software rather than closed-source software, when referring to software that is not free software.
Linux for the GNU Project[edit]
Stallman asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuːslæʃˈlɪnəks/GNOOSLASHLIN-əks, be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux. Stallman refers to this operating system as 'a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer'.[96] He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux.[104] Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuːplʌsˈlɪnəks/GNOOPLUSLIN-əks, to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase GNU/Linux as /ɡnuːˈlɪnəks/GNOOLIN-əks, which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project.[citation needed] . The creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds, has publicly stated that he objects to modification of the name, and that the rename 'is their[the FSF] confusion not ours'.[105]
Personal life[edit]
Stallman has said that he is 'an atheist of Jewish ancestry'[9] and often wears a button that reads 'Impeach God'.[15][106]
Stallman refers to mobile phones as 'portable surveillance and tracking devices',[107] refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software.[108] He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building[52] since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card. According to Stallman, with the exception of a few sites, such as his own website or sites related to his work with GNU and the FSF, he usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer in order to prevent being connected with his browsing history. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, which can run on a separate system, and act as an email-based proxy to web sites: the user sends an e-mail which the script receives, the remote system downloads the web page content, and then the script emails the user the web page content.[109][110] More recently he stated that he accesses all web sites via Tor, except for Wikipedia (which generally disallows editing from Tor).[111][112]
Stallman is openly childfree.[113] He has urged others to not have children, viewing it as objectionable for reasons centered on family tensions and overpopulation.[113] He argues that not having children better liberates people to find more productive ways to 'make a positive contribution to the world'.[113]
Stallman has written a collection of filk and parody songs, granting unlimited permission to sing and perform them.[114]
According to his lifestyle FAQ, he enjoys science fiction.[115]
He speaks English, French, Spanish and some Indonesian.[33]
Stallman resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[33]
Honors and awards[edit]
Stallman has received recognition for his work, including:
- 1986: Honorary lifetime membership of the Chalmers University of Technology Computer Society[116]
- 1990: Exceptional merit award MacArthur Fellowship ('genius grant')[117]
- 1990: The Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award 'For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS (Editing Macros)'[118]
- 1996: Honorary doctorate from Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology[119]
- 1998: Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award[120]
- 1999: Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award[121]
- 2001: The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award for Social/Economic Well-Being (武田研究奨励賞)[122][123]
- 2001: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Glasgow[124]
- 2002: United States National Academy of Engineering membership[125]
- 2003: Honorary doctorate, from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel[126]
- 2004: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Nacional de Salta[127]
- 2004: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú[128]
- 2007: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega [es]Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega[129]
- 2007: First Premio Internacional Extremadura al Conocimiento Libre[130]
- 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote[131]
- 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Pavia[132]
- 2008: Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, in Peru[citation needed]
- 2009: Honorary doctorate, from Lakehead University[133][134]
- 2011: Honorary doctorate, from National University of Córdoba[135]
- 2012: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad César Vallejo de Trujillo, in Peru[citation needed]
- 2012: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Latinoamericana Cima de Tacna, in Peru[citation needed]
- 2012: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad José Faustino Sánchez Carrió, in Peru[citation needed]
- 2014: Honorary doctorate, from Concordia University, in Montréal[136]
- 2015: ACM Software System Award 'For the development and leadership of GCC'[118]
- 2016: Honorary doctorate, from Pierre and Marie Curie University[137]
- 2016: Social Medicine award, from GNU Solidario[138]
Selected publications[edit]
- Manuals
- Stallman, Richard M (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
- Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN1-882114-85-X.
- Stallman, Richard M; McGrath, Roland; & Smith, Paul D (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN1-882114-83-3.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- Selected essays
- Stallman, Richard M (2015). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman(PDF) (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN978-0-9831592-5-4.
See also[edit]
- Free as in Freedom, a Stallman bio by Sam Williams
References[edit]
- ^ abStallman, Richard (n.d.). 'Humorous Bio'. Richard Stallman's 1983 biography. First edition of 'The Hacker's Dictionary'. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'
- ^ abStallman, Richard (September 27, 1983). 'Initial GNU announcement'. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^'GCC Contributors'.
- ^'Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (October 30, 1986)'. Retrieved September 21, 2006.
- ^Bernard S. Greenberg. 'Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation'.; 'GNU Emacs FAQ'.; Jamie Zawinski. 'Emacs Timeline'.
- ^Stallman, Richard (March 7, 2011). 'The Free Software Foundation Management'. Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^Wheeler, David A. 'Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else'. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^'Biography'. stallman.org. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- ^ ab'The Basement Interviews-Freeing the Code'(PDF). IA. March 21, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ^Matthew Hutson (November 1, 2016). 'The Sorcerer's Code'. Psychology Today. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ^ abcdeGross, Michael (1999). 'Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-Certified Genius'(interview transcript). The More Things Change. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
- ^Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN0-596-00287-4. Chapter 3. Available under the GFDL in both the initial O'Reilly edition (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated FAIFzilla edition. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
- ^Stallman, Richard M. 'RMS Berättar'. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
- ^ abcdWilliams, Sam (2002). 'Chapter 6 – The Emacs Commune'. Free as in freedom : Richard Stallman's crusade for free software (2nd ed.). Beijing: O'Reilly. ISBN0-596-00287-4.
- ^ abWilliams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN0-596-00287-4.
- ^ abcdeLih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution. New York City: Hyperion. ISBN978-1-4013-0371-6. OCLC232977686.
- ^Stallman, Richard. 'Serious Bio'. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
- ^Stallman, Richard M; Sussman, Gerald J (1977). 'Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking in a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis'(PDF). Artificial Intelligence 9. pp. 135–196.
- ^ abRussell, Stuart; Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). p. 229.
- ^ abLevy, S: Hackers. Penguin, 1984
- ^Robert X. Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle, around the 46th minute
- ^'Richard Stallman, Live and Unplugged'. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
Q: You once said 'the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity'. Do you still believe this? A: Well, I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free.
- ^'Texinfo – GNU Documentation System – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)'. Gnu.org. February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^Gnu Status, by Richard M. Stallman. 5. Documentation system. I now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. Documentation files are needed for many utilities., February 1986, GNU'S BULLETIN, Volume 1 No.1
- ^Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN0-596-00287-4. Chapter 1. Available under the GFDL in both the initial O'Reilly edition (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated FAIFzilla edition. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
- ^Various (1999). 'Stallman chapter'. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly Media. ISBN1-56592-582-3.
- ^'The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin- by Peter H. Salus'. Groklaw.net. May 13, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
- ^'Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism'. Gnu.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^'History of the Open Source Initiative'. Opensource.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^'Why I think RMS is a fanatic, and why that matters'. Esr.ibiblio.org. June 11, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^'Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M'. MIT News.
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Under the [DMCA] and similar laws, it is illegal .. to distribute DVD players unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD conspiracy
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Facebook, Google, Yahoo– all these major U.S. organizations have built-in interfaces for US intelligence. It's not a matter of serving a subpoena. They have an interface that they have developed for U.S. intelligence to use.
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Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you.
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For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer
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External links[edit]
- Official website
- Richard Stallman on IMDb
- Richard Stallman at Curlie
- Works by Richard Stallman at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Richard Stallman at Internet Archive
- Essays on the Philosophy of the GNU Project, almost all written by Stallman
- Wikilivres has original media or text related to this article: Richard Stallman (in the public domain in New Zealand)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&oldid=903840354'
Richard Stallman, who bridles to see the idealistic purity of his free-software philosophy debased into the more pragmatic open-source movement, can be a prickly character. But I find myself agreeing with some of his concerns about e-books.
In a piece titled 'The Danger of E-books' (PDF), Stallman bemoans the e-book's loss of freedoms that most of us take for granted with physical books and places the blame on corporate powers.
'Technologies that could have empowered us are used to chain us instead,' he said. 'We mustreject e-books until they respect our freedom..E-books need not attack our freedom, but they will if companies get to decide. It's up to us to stop them.'
I find that language over the top. Free-speech ideals about learning and discourse haven't been squeezed off the Internet, despite some censorship and some discussion taking place within the confines of Facebook.
But I do resent the restrictions I suffer with e-books. I understand why companies such as Barnes & Noble, Apple, and Amazon impose them, but that doesn't make me happy about it.
I've moved living quarters a lot in the last couple of years, and I have more moves to come. Each time, more of my family's physical-book library went to used bookstores, friends, and Goodwill. I love books, but I don't have the space for them, and because my active reading habits tend toward new books, the library ends up being more ornamental than practical anyway.
Living a high-mobility lifestyle has given me a great appreciation for e-books. They take up no room in my confined quarters, and I read them where my mobile phone happens to be handy: in lines, the walk to the grocery store, waiting for the photos to download. The book I was reading on a phone while pumping gas in the day is the same one I read at night on a glowing tablet screen at night in bed.
I don't mind terribly that I can't sell them when I'm done, the way I can with a physical book. I do mind, profoundly, that I can't share them easily with my wife, friends, or others. Kindle books can be lent for two weeks, but my nephew with a Nook can't read them, and for me, two weeks is often not enough. Buying an e-book pains me, because instead of owning something I can cherish, I end up with an ephemeral-feeling license to some intellectual property that's tethered very strongly to a username and reading technology.
Here's Stallman's list of physical book advantages:
You can buy one with cash, anonymously.
Then you own it.
You are not required to sign a license that restricts your use of it.
The format is known, and no proprietary technology is needed to read the book.
You can, physically, scan and copy the book, and it's sometimes lawful under copyright.
Nobody has the power to destroy your book.
That list contrasts with his list of e-book drawbacks, including Stallman's preferred derogatory term for digital rights management (DRM), using Amazon as the example:
Amazon requires users to identify themselves to get an e-book.
In some countries, Amazon says the user does not own the e-book.
Amazon requires the user to accept a restrictive license on use of the e-book.
The format is secret, and only proprietary user-restricting software can read it at all.
To copy the e-book is impossible due to Digital Restrictions Management in the player and prohibited by the license, which is more restrictive than copyright law.
Amazon can remotely delete the e-book using a back door. It used this back door in 2009 to delete thousands of copies of George Orwell's 1984.
I think he's spot on with some of these gripes. Where I don't see eye to eye is on ascribing blame and coming up with solutions.
'The e-book companies say denying our traditional freedoms is necessary to continue to payauthors. The current copyright system does a lousy job of that; it is much better suited tosupporting those companies,' Stallman said.
That, at least to me, implicates Amazon and its peers. I think, though, that publishers, too, are part of the equation. Their negotiations with e-book distributors are crucial to setting the prices and permissions of e-books. They're also a conservative bunch at the cusp of a profound change in their business: instead of selling a physical object that's difficult to reproduce, they're selling access to information that is extremely easy to copy with perfect fidelity.
And it's not quite so simple as blaming greedy corporate powers eager to strip us of our rights so they can extract maximum profits. Sure, Barnes & Noble would love as much money as possible, but let's not forget that today it's a free-market approach that's paying for the digitization of the publishing industry--or for that matter that Barnes & Noble is hardly swimming in cash because of its e-book business.
One solution Stallman proposes: tax Internet service providers and distribute funds to authors according to the cube root of their popularity so they can offer their work for free sharing. I can see plenty of reasons that kind of idea won't fly.
Other private-sector cases in point: Google may have overreached with the Google Books settlement, but now that it's been rejected I don't see any other organizations stepping in to scan millions upon millions of books that don't make today's publishers' priority lists. In a similar way, it's Apple that's dragging a reluctant music industry into the Digital Age, balancing customer rights, artists' royalties, and its own profits in a way that has plenty of commercial success despite any number of criticisms. Let us not forget, too, that Amazon and Apple even managed to craft music services that offer music in MP3 formats free of the DRM restrictions Stallman so loathes, and that Amazon offered the limited sharing as a competitive response to Barnes & Noble.
One final point. Physical books come with all kinds of freedoms, but they also come with their own set of constraints. You can only get them if you happen to be near a library, bookstore, or friend that has a copy in stock, and they're a huge hassle to lug around. E-books, for all their restrictions, are also very liberating.
Updated 2:10 p.m. PTto delete a reference to libertarianism that wasn't germane.
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